Rose di Cristallo

Archivio per la tag 'Bulgaria'

18 Jun

Curitiba – small playground equipment Manufacturer – outdoors play equipment

Post Succ | Top |

by Daniel Andre

Curitiba – small playground equipment Manufacturer – outdoors play equipment

Name

Telephone booth.

One theory about the name “Curitiba” comes from the Tupi words kur tyba, “many pine seeds” due to the large number of seeds of Paran pines in the region prior to its foundation. The other version, also from the Tupi language, comes from the combination of kurit (pine tree) and yba (large amount).

The Portuguese who founded a village in 1693 gave it the name of “Vila da Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais” (Village of “Our Lady of the Light” of the Pines). The name was changed to “Curitiba” in 1721. Curitiba officially became a town in 1812, spelling its name as Curityba. An alternative spelling also came up: Coritiba. This spelling looked to become dominant for it was used in press and state documents, but a state decree in 1919 settled the dispute by spelling the city name Curitiba.

Geography

Climate

Main article: Climate of Brazil

Winter skyline in Curitiba.

Curitiba has a Maritime Temperate climate or Subtropical highland climate (Cfb), according to the Kppen classification. Located in Southern Brazil, the humid city lies in a temperate zone. It is located in a plateau and the flat terrain with flooded areas contribute to its mild and damp winter, with average temperature of 13 C (55 F) in the coldest month, sometimes falling below 0 C (32 F) on the coldest days. During summertime, the average temperature is around 21 C (70 F), but it can get above 32 C (90 F) on hot days. Snowfall was experienced in 1928,1942, 1955, 1962 and 1975. Among Brazil’s twenty-six state capitals, Curitiba is the coldest due its altitude, despite being 600 kilometres (370 mi) north of Porto Alegre, which is the southernmost state capital in Brazil, but located at sea level. Heat waves during winter and cold waves during summer are not uncommon, and even within a single day there can be great variation, a typical feature of subtropical climates. Several factors contribute to the climate’s variable nature: The flat terrain surrounded by mountains in a rough circle with radius 40 kilometres (25 mi) helps block the winds, allowing the morning mist to cover the city on cold mornings.

The flatness of the terrain hinders quick water drainage after rain, therefore providing a good source of water vapor for the atmosphere. Cold fronts come often from Antarctica and Argentina all year round, bringing tropical storms in summer and cold winds in winter. They can move very quickly, with no more than one day between the start of the southern winds and the start of rain. Curitiba’s weather is also influenced by the dry air masses that dominate Brazil’s midwest most of the year, bringing cold and dry weather, sometimes even in winter.

Climate data for Curitiba

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high C (F)

(93)

(90)

(88)

(86)

(90)

(88)

(90)

(91)

(93)

(95)

Average high C (F)

(79)

(77)

(72)

(68)

(64)

(68)

(72)

(73)

(77)

(72)

Daily mean C (F)

(70)

(72)

(70)

(64)

(59)

(55)

(59)

(63)

(66)

(68)

(63)

Average low C (F)

(63)

(61)

(57)

(52)

(46)

(48)

(50)

(54)

(57)

(61)

(55)

Record low C (F)

(41)

(45)

(41)

(34)

-2

(28)

-3

(27)

-5

(23)

-2

(28)

-1

(30)

(37)

(43)

(46)

-5

(23)

Precipitation cm (inches)

(5.9)

(4.7)

(5.1)

(4.3)

(3.9)

(3.1)

(3.5)

(4.7)

(5.5)

137

(53.9)

Source: Weatherbase

Vegetation

Frost in the city.

Curitiba is located in the area of the Ombrophilous Mixed Forest (also known as Araucaria moist forests), a sub-type of the Atlantic Forest. In Curitiba it is possible to find steppes, Araucaria forest and other formations. In the local vegetation still appear remnants of the Parana (or Brazilian) pine (Araucaria angustifolia), which resisted the effects of modern civilization. The Parana pines are in private and public areas, now protected by environmental legislation which prevents them from being logged. The Municipal Secretariat of the Environment maintains a botanical garden and three green houses for the annual production of 150,000 seedlings of native and exotic tree species, 16,000 seedlings of fruit trees, 260,000 seedlings of flowers, foliage and underbrush, as well as the maintenance of 350,000 seedlings.

The total green area of Curitiba is one of the largest in cities in Brazil. The vegetation of Curitiba is also characterized by the existence of a large quantity of purple and yellow ips (tabebuias), making a beautiful sight during the flowering at the end of winter. Currently, the yellow ip is the most common tree in the city.

Hydrography and Pluviometry

Iguau River, running by the south region of the city.

The catchment area of Curitiba consists of several rivers and streams that cross the city in different directions, grouped in six river basins. The main rivers that form the watershed of the city are: Atuba River, Belm River, Barigi River, Passana River, Ribeiro dos Padilhas and the Iguau River, all with characteristics of dendritic drainage. Since the 1970s, Curitiba has been working on alternatives to minimize the negative impacts of urbanization on rivers. An example of this was the construction of parks along the rivers with artificial lakes, which retain the water for longer periods of time, minimizing floods.

Currently, after many studies of the local water flows, almost all the rivers are subject to a canalization process. Other alternatives developed to minimize the effects of urbanization are the implementation of the programs for environmental education, inspection and monitoring, elaboration and application of legislation and infrastructure works. The index reaches 1,500 millimetres (59 in) rainfall on average per year, because the rains are constant in the climate of the city. This happens, among other reasons, because of the deforestation of the Mountain Range of the Sea (Serra do Mar), a natural barrier to moisture.

Relief

The Mountain Range of the Sea, “Serra do Mar.”

The city has surface of 432.17 km in the First Plateau of Paran. Curitiba has a topography of smooth rounded hills, giving a relatively regular shape. The municipality of Curitiba has an average altitude of 934.6 metres (3,066 ft) above sea level, where the highest point is to the north 1,021 metres (3,350 ft), and with lower altitude 864 metres (2,830 ft) to the south.

There are mountain ranges and sets of rocky hills practically all around the city, the most remarkable and impressive being the Serra do Mar (Portuguese for “Mountain Range of the Sea”), located in the east that separates the plateau from the coast of Paran.

History

Old mansion in Batel neighbourhood.

The first ten years of the 16th century marked the beginning of a war of conquest of Europeans (Portuguese colonists) against the indigenous peoples who inhabited the area of the city. Waves of European immigrants started arriving after 1850, mainly Germans, Italians, Poles and Ukrainians. In 1853, the south and southwest of the province of So Paulo were separated, forming the new province of Paran, and Curitiba became its capital.

During the 20th century, especially after 1950, the city rapidly increased in population and consolidated its position as regional hub for trade and services, becoming one of the richest cities in Brazil and a pioneer in urban solutions. In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Agache, co-founder of the French Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce the first city plan.

It emphasised a “star” of boulevards, with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. It was followed when possible, but was too expensive to complete.

Government

The Curitiba City Hall.

The executive is currently exercised by the mayor Beto Richa (elected in 2004 with a mandate until 2008, and reelected in 2009 to period 2009/2012), by the deputy mayor (vice mayor) Luciano Ducci and the municipal secretaries appointed by the mayor. The City Council of Curitiba was created in 1693, and has a total of 38 councillors elected since 2004.

Curitiba is divided into nine regional governments (equivalent to subprefecture), who manage the 75 districts of the municipality. The Rua da Cidadania (“Street of Citizenship”) is the symbol of administrative decentralization; it is a reference point and meeting place for the user of municipal utilities, in a regional context, taking into account the needs and rights of the citizen in trade, leisure and services, facilitating the access of the population for different services in the areas of health, justice, policing, education, sport, house, environment, urban planning, social service and supply, etc. Several units work annexed to the terminals of public transport in Curitiba. Their nuclei offer services in the local, state and federal areas.

Demographics

Old Polish house, in a park in Curitiba.

Brazilians of Ukrainian descent celebrating Easter in Curitiba.

Arabian Memorial.

According to the IBGE of 2008, there were 3,225,000 people residing in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba. The population density was 4,159.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (10,773 /sq mi) (in the urban area). The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following percentage: 2,459,000 White people (76.27%), 640,000 Brown (Multiracial) people (19.84%), 92,000 Black people (2.86%), 26,000 Asian people (0.80%), 6,000 Amerindian people (0.18%).

As most of Southern Brazil’s population, Curitiba is mostly inhabited by Brazilians of European descent. The first Europeans to arrive in the region were of Portuguese origin, during the 17th century. They intermarried with the native people and with the African slaves.

In the 19th century, the influx of immigrants from Europe increased. In 1828, the first German immigrants settled in Paran. However, large numbers of immigrants from Germany only arrived in Curitiba during the 1870s, most of them coming from Santa Catarina or Volga Germans from Russia.

Immigrants from Poland first arrived in 1871, settling in rural areas close to Curitiba. They largely influenced the agriculture of the region. Curitiba has the second largest Polish diaspora in the world, second only to Chicago. The Memorial of Polish Immigration was inaugurated on December 13, 1980, after the visit of the Pope John Paul II to the city of Curitiba, in June, in the same year. Its area is 46 thousand square meters and was part of the former Candles plant. The seven wooden log houses are parts of this memorial area, as a souvenir of the Polish immigrants, and their struggles and faith. Objects like the old wagon, the pipe of cabbage and the print of the black virgin of Czestochowa, who is the patron saint of Polish people, form parts of the memorial.

Italian immigrants started arriving in Brazil in 1875 and in Curitiba in 1878. They came mostly from the Veneto and Trento regions, in Northern Italy and settled mostly in the Santa Felicidade neighborhood, still today the center of the large Italian community of Curitiba.

Large numbers of Ukrainian immigrants settled in Curitiba, mostly between 1895 and 1897, when some 20,000 arrived. They were peasants from Galicia, who emigrated to Brazil to become farmers. Nowadays there are around 300,000 Ukrainian-Brazilians living in Paran. The State of Paran has the largest Ukrainian community and Slavic community of the country.

Curitiba has a well established Jewish community originally established in the 1870s. Much of the early Jewish congregation has been assimilated. In 1937 with the conquest of power by the Nazis in Germany, several notable German Jewish academics were allowed into Brazil, some of them settling in Curitiba.

Physicist Csar Lattes and former mayors Jaime Lerner, and Saul Raiz were Jewish. A monument in memory of the Holocaust has been erected in the city. There is also a community center, a Habad house (Beit Chabad) in Curitiba as well as at least two synagogues and two Jewish cemeteries, one of which was defiled by antisemites in 2004.

Japanese immigrants began arriving in the region in 1915. Most Japanese settled in the State of So Paulo, but many settled in Northern Paran, cities such as Maring and Londrina. Curitiba also received significant numbers of immigrants from Japan. Nowadays, there are about 40,000 Japanese-Brazilians living in the city.

Other immigrants, such as Lebanese, Syrians, Palestinians, Russians and other Eastern Europeans also settled in Curitiba.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Brazil

Curitiba Trade Center, popularly called “O Prdio do Relgio” (The Clock Building).

The city of Curitiba is one of the finest examples of a bulky economic and industrial development carried out with responsibility and organisation. Since it was declared the capital of the State of Paran in 1853, the city has gone through several major urban planning projects to avoid uncontrolled growth and thus has become an international role model in dealing with such sensitive issues as transportation and the environment. The city is the second largest car manufacturer in the country, and it’s economy is based on industry, commerce and services. For that reason, Curitiba is considered by many specialists of the financial sector to be the best location for investors in Brazil. At the moment, the city receives more than two million tourists every year. Most arrive via Afonso Pena International Airport, where almost sixty thousand airplanes land annually.

According to IPEA data, the GDP in 2006 at real 32 billion, without recording activities in the agriculture and livestock farming (0.03%) sectors. Industry represented 34.13% and the commerce and service sectors 65.84%. Cidade Industrial de Curitiba, the industrial district of Curitiba, is home to many multinational industries, such as Nissan, Renault, Volkswagen, Audi, Volvo, HSBC, Siemens, ExxonMobil, Electrolux and Kraft Foods, as well as many national industries, such as Sadia, O Boticrio, Positivo Informtica. Curitiba’s infrastructure makes bus travel fast and convenient, effectively creating demand for bus use in the same way that the infrastructure of traditional cities creates demand for private motor vehicles. In July 2001, Curitiba has become the first city in the country to receive the prize “Pole of Information Technology”, granted by InfoExame magazine, because the performance of their companies of technology. According to the magazine, the number of companies of “Technology and Information Technology” based in Curitiba submitted in 2001 a turnover of US$ 1.2 billion, representing a growth of 21% over the previous year.

Estao Mall.

In the early 1970s, when Brazil was welcoming industry with open arms, Curitiba accepted only non-polluters and constructed an industrial district with so much green space that it was derided as a “golf course” until it filled up with major businesses while its counterparts in other Latin American cities flagged. The city’s 30-year economic growth rate is 7.1%, higher than the national average of 4.2%, and per capita income is 66% higher than the Brazilian average. Between 1975 and 1995, Curitiba’s domestic product grew by some 75% more than the entire State of Paran, and 48% more than Brazil as a whole. In 1994, tourism generated US$ 280 million, 4% of the city’s net income. Curitiba has municipal health, education and day care networks, neighbourhood libraries shared by schools and citizens, and Citizenship Streets, where buildings provide essential public services, sports and cultural facilities near mass transportation terminals. At the Open University, residents can take courses in subjects such as mechanics, hair styling and environmental protection for a small fee. Policies for job creation and income generation also became part of the city’s strategic planning in the ’90s, for the metropolitan area as well as the city.

The “Pao Municipal” built in 1916.

Since 1990, the Municipal Housing Fund has been providing financial support to housing for lower income populations. After national housing finance collapsed in 1985, just as people from the countryside poured into Curitiba, the city’s public housing program bought one of the few remaining large plots of land, “Novo Bairro” (New Neighborhood), as home for 50,000 families. While landowners built the houses themselves, each received a pair of trees and an hour’s consultation with an architect to help them develop their plan. COHAB also built Technology Street, an avenue of 24 homes in the centre of Novo Bairro, each built using different construction techniques.

There are also five massive shopping malls in Curitiba shopping: Mueller, Estao, Curitiba, Crystal and Park Barigi. There is also a sixth mall in Curitiba Brazil opened in 2008 called the Shopping Palladium. The Mueller is one of the best shopping malls. The Rua das Flores (Flower’s Street) is the home of the majority of stores in Curitiba, and this is so for a very good reason. The area is pedestrianized, meaning that there are no cars around the centre. An essential element of Curitiba shopping is the Feira do Largo da Ordem, or Largo da Ordem Street Fair, including Paran fashion, Curitiba gemstones, Brazil furniture Curitiba-made, Curitiba Brazil leather equipment, crafts, arts and much more.

The GDP for the city is R$ 32,153,307,000 (2006).

The per capita income for the city was R$ 17,977 (2006).

Tourism and recreation

Main article: Tourism in Brazil

Botanical Garden of Curitiba.

German church in Curitiba.

Japan Square in Curitiba.

Wire Opera House.

Portugal Park.

Tangu Park.

Botanic Gardens

Curitiba’s trademark, created to resemble French gardens, rolls out its flower carpet to the visitors right at the entrance. The greenhouse, with a metallic structure, has botanic species that are national symbols, and also a water fountain.

The native forest is filled with paths for walking. The Botanic Museum attracts researchers from all over the world. There is a space for exhibitions, library and a theatre.

German Woods

The wood has various features to celebrate and promote the German traditions. There are 38 thousand square meters of native forest, which was part of the old farm from the Schaffer family. The replica of an old wooden church, built in 1933 at the Seminrio neighbourhood, with neo-gothic decorative elements, shelters a concert hall called Bach’s Oratorium.

Other attractions are the John and Mary path, which tells the Grimm brothers tale, a children’s library, the Philosophers Tower, a wooden observatory allowing a panoramic view of the city and the Ocean Ridge, and the German Poetry Square, with a reproduction of the Casa Mila faade, a German building from the beginning of the last century, originally located in the city centre. It’s closed for remodeling at the present time.

Italian Woods

A place for the typical parties of the Italian community in the district, such as the Grape Party, the Wine Party and the 4 Giorni in Italy. It has structure for food and drinkstalls, space for shows and folkloric presentations and a polenta pot.

Japan Square

Homage to Japanese immigrants who settled there dedicating themselves to agriculture. Scattered around the square are 30 cherry trees sent from Japan and artificial lakes. In 1993 the Japanese Portal, the Culture House and the Tea House were built.

Tingi Park

Part of the biggest linear environmental park in the Country, established at the Barigi river margins, it reminds us of the Indians who used to live there, with the statue of Tindiqera Chieftain. The Ukrainian Memorial is also there, homage to the immigrants, in a replica of an orthodox church, originally built in inland Paran State, hosting a pssankas and icons exhibition.

Wire Opera House

It is one of the emblematic symbols of Curitiba, with tubular structure and transparent ceiling, of great beauty. Inaugurated in 1992, it caters for all types of shows, between lakes, typical vegetation and cascades, on a unique landscape. The Wire Opera House is part of the Pedreiras Park, together with the Paulo Leminski Cultural Space, where the Passion of Christ was enacted, and hosted many other big events since 1989, and can hold, in the open air, 10 thousand people seated or 50 thousand standing.

Tangu Park

This park was inaugurated in 1996, the Tangu Park surprises with its beauty as an example of urban space being re-utilized, on one old complex of disactivated quarries, and it is part of the Barigi river preservation project joining Tingi and Barigi parks. This park with an area of 450 thousand square meters has two quarries connected by a 45 meter tunnel that may be crossed on foot by a path over the water. It can be visited on boat or on foot (hiking). The park has a cooper and bicycle track, snack bar, belvedere and Poty Lazzaroto garden.

Portugal Wood

Homage to the Portuguese-Brazilian bonds, this space is highlighted by a track following a small brook, where one can see drawn on tiles excerpts from famous Portuguese language poets, as well as a tribute to the great Portuguese navigators and their discoveries.

Curitiba International Ecological Marathon

In November, happens the Maratona Ecolgica Internacional de Curitiba (“Curitiba International Ecological Marathon”). This marathon is known as the hardest in Brazil, because happens in the end of the year, when usually is warm weather in the city (because is summer in Southern Hemisphere), and the hilly course, with many of the inclines being in the last 10 km. To compensate the hard course, runners count with good structure and enthusiastic fans cheering along the course.

Tourism Line

Every year, tourism grows in Curitiba. To attend this demand, the Linha Turismo (“Tourism Line”) started in 1994. Its a special city tour that visits the principal tourist attractions in Curitiba, featuring comfortable white buses with big windows and a shape similar to that of streetcars. The vehicles are equipped with a sound system that plays recorded messages describing sites in three different languages: Portuguese, English and Spanish. It is possible to visit the parks, squares and the rest of the city’s tourist attractions. Considered one of the best in the country, the Linha Turismo is available every thirty minutes and has a two and a half-hour tour, which travels around forty-four kilometers. To go on the tour you must buy a ticket with five tickets that give you the right to get on and off bus four times. Users can therefore choose the touristic point where they want to stay longer. Then, they can embark again to complete the remaining part of the itinerary. Today the line goes to 25 key reference points in Curitiba, completing 44 km (27 mi) in 2 and hours.

Panoramic view of Curitiba.

Education

Main article: Education in Brazil

Federal University of Paran was the first university opened in Brazil.

Bus and the Federal University.

Educational institutions

Universidade Federal do Paran (UFPR) – Federal University – Paran is the biggest University in the State and the oldest University from Brazil;

Universidade Tecnolgica Federal do Paran (UTFPR) – Federal University of Technology is a major University in Paran and the first University of Technology from Brazil;

Pontifcia Universidade Catlica do Paran (PUCPR) – A major private University in Paran;

Universidade Tuiuti do Paran (UTP);

Universidade Positivo (UP);

Centro Universitrio Franciscano do Paran (UNIFAE);

Escola de Msica e Belas Artes do Paran (EMBAP);

Faculdade Dom Bosco (FDB);

Faculdade de Artes do Paran (FAP);

Faculdade de Tecnologia (FATEC);

Centro Universitrio Curitiba (UNICURITIBA);

and many others.

Educational system

In the 1990s, the city started a project called Faris de Saber (“Lighthouses of Knowledge”). These Lighthouses are free educational centers which include libraries, Internet access, and other cultural resources. This community libraries works with municipal schools, have a collection of approximately 5000 books, and be cultural reference and leisure for the community, and are designed to diversify the opportunities of access to knowledge, expanding the area of formal education. In each quarter of the city these “Lighthouses of Knowledge” have been implanted containing library and room of computer science, to public use, mainly by students; job training, social welfare and educational programs are coordinated, and often supply labor to improve the city’s amenities or services, as well as education and income. Among the Brazilian capitals, Curitiba has the lowest rate of illiteracy, and also number 1 in education between the Brazilian capitals.

Urban planning

Public Transport in Curitiba.

Bus in the city.

Largo da Ordem, Sunday Market in Curitiba.

November 15 Street, one of the major streets of Curitiba, is a pedestrian-only street since 1972.

November 15 Street.

The Curitiba Botanical Garden.

Modern Curitiba.

Curitiba has a planned transportation system, which includes lanes on major streets devoted to a bus rapid transit system. The buses are long, split into three sections (bi-articulated), and stop at designated elevated tubes, complete with disabled access. There is only one price no matter how far you travel and you pay at the bus stop.

The system, used by 85% of Curitiba’s population, is the source of inspiration for the TransMilenio in Bogot, Colombia; Metrovia in Guayaquil, Ecuador; Transmetro in Guatemala City, Guatemala; as well as the Orange Line of Los Angeles, U.S. State of California, and for a future transportation system in Panama City, Panama as well as Cebu City, Philippines.

The city has also paid careful attention to preserving and caring for its green areas, boasting 54 square metres (580 sq ft) of green space per inhabitant.

In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Agache, cofounder of the French Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce the first city plan. It emphasised a star of boulevards, with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. It was followed when possible, but was too expensive to complete.

By the 1960s, Curitiba’s population had ballooned to 430,000, and some residents feared that the growth in population threatened to drastically change the character of the city. In 1964, Mayor Ivo Arzua solicited proposals for urban design. Architect Jaime Lerner, who later became mayor, led a team from the Universidade Federal do Paran that suggested strict controls on urban sprawl, a reduction of traffic in the downtown area, preservation of Curitiba’s Historic Sector, and a convenient and affordable public transit system.

This plan, known as the Curitiba Master Plan, was adopted in 1968. Lerner closed XV de Novembro St. to vehicles, because it had very high pedestrian traffic. The plan had a new road design to minimise traffic: the Trinary Road System. This uses two one-way streets moving in opposite directions which surround a smaller, two-lane street where the express buses have their exclusive lane. Five of these roads form a star that converges on the city centre. Land farther from these roads is zoned for lower density developments, to reduce traffic away from the main roads. In a number of areas subject to floods, buildings were condemned and the land became parks.

Today, Curitiba is considered one of the best examples of urban planning worldwide. In June 1996, the chairman of the Habitat II summit of mayors and urban planners in Istanbul praised Curitiba as “the most innovative city in the country.”

Curitiba was recently recommended by UNESCO as one of the city-model for the reconstruction of the cities of Afghanistan, after the U.S invaded in 2001.

In the 1980s, the RIT (Rede Integrada de Transporte, Integrated Transport Network) was created, allowing transit between any point in the city by paying just one fare. At the same time, the city began a project called the “Faris de Saber” (Lighthouses of Knowledge). These Lighthouses are free educational centers which include libraries, Internet access, and other cultural resources. Job training, social welfare and educational programs are coordinated, and often supply labor to improve the city’s amenities or services, as well as education and income.

Curitiba is referred to as the ecological capital of Brazil, with a network of 28 parks and wooded areas. In 1970, there was less than 1 square meter of green space per person; now there are 52 square meters for each person. Residents planted 1.5 million trees along city streets. Builders get tax breaks if their projects include green space. Flood waters diverted into new lakes in parks solved the problem of dangerous flooding, while also protecting valley floors and riverbanks, acting as a barrier to illegal occupation, and providing aesthetic and recreational value to the thousands of people who use city parks.

In 2007, the city was the third place in a list of “15 Green Cities” in the world, according the U.S. magazine “Grist.” After only of Reykjavik in Iceland and Portland in the United States. As a result, according to one survey, 99% of Curitibans are happy with their hometown. The “green exchange” employment program focuses on social inclusion, benefiting both those in need and the environment. Low-income families living in shantytowns unreachable by truck bring their trash bags to neighborhood centers, where they exchange them for bus tickets and food. This means less city litter and less disease, less garbage dumped in sensitive areas such as rivers and a better life for the undernourished poor. There’s also a program for children where they can exchange recyclable garbage for school supplies, chocolate, toys and tickets for shows.

Under the “garbage that’s not garbage” program, 70% of the city’s trash is recycled by its residents. Once a week, a truck collects paper, cardboard, metal, plastic and glass that has been sorted in the city’s homes. The city’s paper recycling alone saves the equivalent of 1,200 trees a day. As well as the environmental benefits, money raised from selling materials goes into social programs, and the city employs the homeless and recovering alcoholics in its garbage separation plant. Open University, created by the city, lets residents take courses in many subjects such as mechanics, hair styling and environmental protection for a small fee. Retired city buses are often used as mobile schools or offices. Downtown areas were transformed into pedestrian streets, including a 24-hour mall with shops, restaurants and cafes, and a street of flowers with gardens tended by street kids.

The “capacity building job line” was created to generate a better quality of life for people in the region surrounding a new economic development axis of Curitiba. Key initiatives include the South-Circular bus line, which links the southern and eastern regions of town; Entrepreneurial Sheds, business incubators designed to help small companies get established and prosper; and the Crafts Lyce, which trains people for professions such as marketing and finance so that they can find employment in new companies that emerge from the business incubator. Specifically, the goal is to provide jobs and income for the unemployed among 400,000 people living in 15 peripheral towns, and to structure and develop the region according to integrated planning principles. About 15,000 new jobs have been generated so far, and 15,000 more are expected.

There’s a model, inexpensive, speedy transit service used by more than 2 million people a day. There are more car owners per capita than anywhere in Brazil, and the population has doubled since 1974, yet auto traffic has declined by 30%, and atmospheric pollution is the lowest in Brazil.

Culture

Musicians on a street.

Paiol Theatre.

Paranaense Museum.

Museum of Expeditionary.

Arts and entertainment

Curitiba is the first city in Brazil to have an IMAX movie theatre. It is in the Palladium Shopping Center which is the biggest mall in Southern Brazil. Curitiba also has many theaters. The biggest and most important one is the Guara Theater. Every year, in April, it hosts the Curitiba Theater Festival, with various artists playing in Curitiba Theaters and even on the squares.

Museums

For the famous Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer Curitiba became the home to his extravagantly designed museum, the state museum of Curitiba. Its design includes a gravity defying construction that was intended to look like a Parana Pine, one of the city’s symbols, but is widely interpreted by locals as an eye which gave the Museum its nickname – Museu do Olho, or Museum of the Eye. In keeping with the Curitiba history and culture of science, the museum offers many science exhibitions, including Curitiba biennal/Curitiba biennial, twice-yearly exhibitions. The Curitiba museum also includes the Oscar Niemeyer Curitiba auditorium.

Museu Paranaense (“Paranaense Museum”) – dedicated to the arts and history;

Oscar Niemeyer Museum – the largest museum of Latin America, dedicated to plastic arts;

Museu de Arte Sacra (“Religious Art Museum”) – the focus are religious and sacred Christian art in general;

Museu do Expedicionrio (“Museum of Expeditionary”) – dedicated to the history of Brazilian participation in World War II;

Museu de Arte Contempornea (“Museum of Contemporary Art”);

Museu da Imagem e do Som (“Image and Sound Museum”) – about cinema and photography;

Museu Metropolitano de Arte de Curitiba (“Metropolitan Museum of Art in Curitiba”) – modern art;

Museu de Histria Natural (“Natural History Museum”) – dedicated to the biology and botany.

Carnival/Carnaval

Main article: Brazilian Carnival

Carnival Curitiba is unique and, as a result, extremely different from the carnivals held elsewhere in the country, and especially the ones that are so prevalent on any TV coverage of the carnival that occurs in Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, and Recife every single year. Carnival Curitiba is in fact non-existent in terms of the way that it is done elsewhere. The carnival in Curitiba that does occur every year, in March to be precise to coincide with the Rio de Janeiro carnival, consists of a small celebration on the coast. The beaches that are an hour away via car in Paranagu host the miniature carnival Curitiba celebrations. There is usually traditional Brazilian food like “Feijoada”, their special hotdogs and a variety of salads on offer from stalls. The revellers will usually dance the “samba” and mingle before heading home after the party in the early hours of the morning. The carnival Curitiba offers is therefore out of the town and gives those that do not wish to attend a break. Three clubs are renowned for their carnival Curitiba celebrations: Santa Mnica, Paran and Curitibanos. They are all located within easy distance of the Central area. The costumes are readily available from most of the cheaper clothes stores and can be hired out from a variety of shops within the Mueller mall, as well as smaller independent ones in the weeks leading up to the celebrations for less than for the night.

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of Brazil

Curitiba is influenced by European, Arab and Japanese immigrants. The better restaurants are all located in central area, that is to say not too far away from the heart of Curitiba. As a result, the majority of them are near metro stops and the bus terminus and can easily be reached via walking. Although offering traditional Brazilian drink. The Caruso restaurant is a traditional form of Brazilian cuisine that is made up of rice, black beans, and sausages with borecole and orange slices on the side. It may sound like a basic dish but the flavour is immense. Italian Pizzaria Geppetto and Pizzaria O forno are the better Italian restaurants in the city.

UN Convention on Biodiversity

United Nations Convention in Curitiba.

On March 20-31st 2006 an important world gathering of the United Nations on biodiversity has taken place in Curitiba, addressing items of the 1993 Convention on Biological Diversity adopted by 188 countries. This convention seeks to discuss strategies to safeguard life from the threats directed against it. Starting with the Summit of the Earth or Rio de Janeiro Eco-92 the topic has been gaining centrality and has been the subject of numerous official documents, especially the 2000 and 2003 Cartagena Protocols on biosecurity. The Curitiba preparatory document, developed by specialists of the UN and of the Brazilian Ministry of the Environment for issues from Brazil, defines biodiversity as follows: including all the different species of plants, animals and microorganisms (estimated in more than 10 million species), all the genetic variability within the species (10 to 100 genes per specie) and all the diverse ecosystems formed by different combinations of species. Biodiversity includes the environmental services responsible for maintenance of life on Earth, for the interaction between living beings and for the offer of goods and services that sustain human societies and their economies.

Transportation

Bus route plan for RIT (Rede Integrada de Transporte).

A bus stop in the city.

How the tube-station works.

Biodiversity publicity in the bus stop.

Public transport

Main article: Rede Integrada de Transporte

Curitiba has a unique transportation system, developed locally and causing much interest worldwide. This Bus Rapid Transit system is very simple and practical. Public transportation consists entirely of buses. There are several different types of bus, each with a different function. All stations are easily accessed and enclosed. The buses have been changed to make for easier entry and exit. Together with other low-cost changes, this bus system aims at becoming a comfortable and preferred transportation choice for the public.

The popularity of Curitiba’s BRT has effected a modal shift from automobile travel to bus travel. Based on 1991 traveller survey results, it was estimated that the introduction of the BRT had caused a reduction of about 27 million auto trips per year, saving about 27 million liters of fuel annually. In particular, 28 percent of BRT riders previously traveled by car. Compared to eight other Brazilian cities of its size, Curitiba uses about 30 percent less fuel per capita, resulting in one of the lowest rates of ambient air pollution in the country. Today about 1,100 buses make 12,500 trips every day, serving more than 1.3 million passengers, 50 times the number from 20 years ago. Eighty percent of travelers use the express or direct bus services. Best of all, Curitibanos spend only about 10 percent of their income on travel, much below the national average.

Curitiba’s Master Plan integrated transportation with land use planning, calling for a cultural, social, and economic transformation of the city. It limited central area growth, while encouraging commercial growth along the transport arteries radiating out from the city center. The city center was partly closed to vehicular traffic, and pedestrian streets were created. Linear development along the arteries reduced the traditional importance of the downtown area as the primary focus of day-to-day transport activity, thereby minimizing congestion and the typical morning and afternoon flows of traffic. Instead, rush hour in Curitiba has heavy commuter movements in both directions along the public transportation arteries.

Other policies have also contributed to the success of the transit system. Land within two blocks of the transit arteries is zoned for high density, since it generates more transit ridership per square foot. Beyond the two blocks, zoned residential densities taper in proportion to distance from transitways. Planners discourage auto-oriented centers and channel new retail growth to transit corridors. Very limited public parking is available in the downtown area, and most employers offer transportation subsidies, especially to low-skilled and low-paid employees.

Roads

Afonso Pena International Airport (CWB).

Orange Taxis in the city.

Moving around in a car can be difficult in and around the city centre because of the many one-way streets and frequent traffic jams. This makes the public transportation system more attractive if one wants to go there. The Trinary Road System allows quick access to the city centre for car drivers. Some avenues are spacious and laid out in a grid and apart from some points around the city centre, Munhoz da Rocha Street and Batel Avenue, traffic jams are not thus severe. Coming from So Paulo use BR-116 South. From Florianpolis use BR-101. From Porto Alegre use BR-116 North. Recently, the city installed around 140 traffic radars, causing much discontent among drivers in general.

International Airport

Afonso Pena International Airport is Curitiba’s main airport. It is located in the nearby city of So Jos dos Pinhais and all commercial flights operate from this airport. With a constructed area of 45 thousand square meters, Afonso Pena/Curitiba International Airport serves some 3.5 million passengers a year. The apron has 19 boxes for aircraft parking, six of them served by boarding bridges from the terminal. The airport also has auxiliary buildings, a waste treatment station, a large parking lot, and is encircled by expansive grassy areas and gardens. (Small aircraft may also use the Bacacheri airport.) It is integrated into Curitiba’s transportation system, with rapid buses and shuttle service connecting the airport to the city.

Others

The city has approximately 62 miles of bike routes, used by around 30 thousand bikers daily. On the city streets, there are almost one million vehicles, of which 2,253 are Taxis. They are all painted orange. To service all these vehicles, there are more than 355 gas stations throughout the city. With so many cars, nearly 500,000 tickets are issued yearly, even though there are more than 40,000 existing traffic signs in all the city.

Sports

Arena da Baixada “Estdio Joaquim Amrico Guimares,” set for 2014 FIFA World Cup.

See also: 2014 FIFA World Cup and Sports in Brazil

Several football teams play in Curitiba. Coritiba play at Estdio Major Antnio Couto Pereira, Clube Atltico Paranaense at Estdio Joaquim Amrico Guimares and Paran Clube at Estdio Durival Britto e Silva. Both Coritiba and Atltico Paranaense have won Campeonato Brasileiro Srie A, in 1985 and 2001, respectively. Estdio Joaquim Amrico Guimareswill be one of the 12 stadia to host games of the 2014 FIFA World Cup to be held in Brazil.

The Autdromo Internacional de Curitiba (Curitiba International Autodrome) is located in nearby Pinhais.

Neighborhoods

Map of Curitiba, with the neighbourhoods and boroughs.

Satellite view.

Bairros (neighbourhoods) of Curitiba are geographical divisions of the city. There is no delegation of administrative powers to neighborhoods, although there are several neighborhood associations devoted to improve their own standards of living. Curitiba is divided into 9 regional governments (boroughs) covering the 75 neighbourhoods of the city. All districts are served by the system of integrated urban transport.

Most districts of Curitiba was born of colonial groups formed by families of European immigrants in the second half of the nineteenth century.

The centre (“Downtown” in American English or “CBD” – central business district – in other English use), place of foundation of the city, is the most bustling area, which concentrates most of the financial institutions of Curitiba.

List of neighborhoods by regional:

Matriz: Centro, Centro Cvico, Batel, Bigorrilho, Mercs, So Francisco, Bom Retiro, Ahu, Juvev, Cabral, Hugo Lange, Jardim Social, Alto da XV, Alto da Glria, Cristo Rei, Jardim Botnico, Prado Velho and Rebouas;

Santa Felicidade: Santa Felicidade, Lamenha Pequena, Butiatuvinha, So Joo, Vista Alegre, Cascatinha, So Brs, Santo Incio, Orleans, Mossungu, Campina do Siqueira, Seminrio, CIC (north region) and part of Campo Comprido;

Boa Vista: Boa Vista, Bacacheri, Bairro Alto, Tarum, Tingi, Atuba, Santa Cndida, Cachoeira, Barreirinha, Abranches, Taboo, Pilarzinho and So Loureno;

Cajuru: Cajuru, Uberaba, Jardim das Amricas, Guabirotuba and Capo da Imbuia;

Fazendinha/Porto: Porto, Fazendinha, Santa Quitria, Vila Isabel, gua Verde, Parolin, Guara, Lindia, Fanny, Novo Mundo and part of Campo Comprido;

Boqueiro: Boqueiro, Xaxim, Hauer and Alto Boqueiro;

Pinheirinho: Pinheirinho, Capo Raso, Tatuquara, Campo de Santana and Caximba;

Bairro Novo: Stio Cercado, Ganchinho and Umbar;

Cidade Industrial de Curitiba: CIC (center and south region), Riviera, Augusta and So Miguel.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Brazil

Twin towns Sister cities

Curitiba is twinned with:

Asuncin, Paraguay

Coimbra, Portugal

Crdoba, Argentina

Corrientes, Argentina

Guadalajara, Mexico

Hangzhou, China

Himeji, Japan

Krakw, Poland

Lyon, France

Montevideo, Uruguay

Orlando, United States

Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia

Suwon, South Korea

Treviso, Italy

Famous places

Museu Oscar Niemeyer (Oscar Niemeyer Museum).

Curitiba is mostly known for some of its famous places:

Autdromo Internacional de Curitiba (Curitiba International Autodrome)

Bosque Alemo (German Woods)

Bosque de Portugal (Portugal Woods)

Feirinha do largo da ordem (Largo da Ordem Sunday Market)

Jardim Botnico de Curitiba (Botanical Garden of Curitiba)

pera de Arame (Wire Opera House)

Rua XV de Novembro (November 15 Street)

Universidade Federal do Paran (Federal University of Parana)

Notable people

Botanical Garden of Curitiba.

Skyline at night.

Curitiba in the morning.

Passeio Pblico.

Arts

Isabeli Fontana – Super Model

Dalton Trevisan – Writer

Paulo Leminski – Poet and Writer

Jaime Lerner – Architect and Urbanist

Larry Grehan – Irish writer

Luiz Carlos Alborghetti – TV host

Guilherme Weber – Actor

Isadora Ribeiro – Actress

Marjorie Estiano – Actress

Tamajoara Proena – Teacher

Vilanova Artigas – Architect

Fernanda Machado – Actress

Aviation

Pierre Clostermann – WWII fighter french pilot, engineer

Science

Csar Lattes – Physicist

Newton da Costa – Mathematician

Ned Kock – Systems Scientist

Politics

Beto Richa (Mayor of Curitiba)

Roberto Requio (Governor of the State of Paran)

Sports

Football

Alexandro de Souza

Mixed martial arts

Anderson Silva

Wanderlei Silva

Cristiane Santos

Mauricio “Shogun” Rua

Murilo Rua

Motorsports

Enrique Bernoldi – Formula One driver – IndyCar driver

Raul Boesel – Formula One driver – IndyCar driver. 1987 World Sportscar Championship champion.

Augusto Farfus – WTCC driver for BMW.

Ricardo Zonta – Formula One driver. 1998 FIA GT Championship champion

Basketball

Rolando Ferreira – (Gold medalist at the 1987 Pan American Games)

Beach Volleyball

Emanuel Rego (Gold medalist in 2004 Olympics)

In popular culture

Oilman

Main article: Oilman (Brazil)

Born as Nelson Rebelo in 1960, eldest of three sons, “Oilman” is a famous persona of Curitiba assumed by a former college professor on the streets. According to local legend, Nelson was retired from his career for mysterious reasons, although his physics seminars maintained an excellent reputation where he taught at UFPr Sciences.

Nelson’s street performing began where he attended college, at the Leontius Cooper school in Curitiba, when with the encouragement of other colleagues he publicly impersonated Elvis Presley, including dress, speech habits, and full musical performance. This happened in honor of the birthday of the college director, at the time of Elvis’s death. This was a tremendous local success leading to local TV broadcasts.

However, according to residents of Curitiba, sometime thereafter, Nelson suffered a psychotic breakdown in class. In the midst of a lecture, the romantic interest he expressed for a student was not returned. According to the official version from the college, he retired for health reasons.

Following his retirement, he reemerged on the streets as the “man who smeared oil on himself and rode his bicycle wearing only a tiny speedo”. But according to Nelson, his character was inspired by Arnold Schwarzenegger, Sylvester Stallone, and Steven Seagal. Over the years, Nelson has attracted more than 300 different names for his outlandish street character, such as “Herman Munster”, “Underwear Man,” and “Hero of Curitiba”, the best known being the Oilman.

Rebelo Nelson plans to release a book about his character soon in the future.

Source: Wikipedia Portuguese

INRI Cristo

Main article: Inri Cristo

Curitiba is also the home of Brazilian media personality, INRI Cristo, an ethnic German born Iuri Thais who claims to be a reincarnation of Jesus Christ. He has traveled the world seeking donations until returning to his homeland and establishing a school for his disciples seated on plastic lawn chairs. He is a frequent guest on Brazilian comedy talk shows and boasts of numerous arrests by Brazilian police.

References

Notes

^ IBGE, Produto Interno Bruto dos Municpios 2005. Retrieved in 07/April/2008.

^ “Mapa da Regio Metropolitana de Curitiba – Paran”. Curitiba-parana.com. http://www.curitiba-parana.com/geografia-mapas/mapa-regiao-curitiba.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-22.

^ “Regio Metropolitana” (in Portuguese). Prefeitura Municipal de Curitiba. Archived from the original on 2007-08-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20070811015523/http://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/Cidade/cidade_regmetro.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-08.

^ European Immigration to Curitiba

^ “A imigrao rabe muulmana em Curitiba” (in Portuguese). Etni-cidade. http://www.etni-cidade.net/2008/a_imigracao_arabe.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-03.

^ “Quase metade de Curitiba dos “estrangeiros”" (in Portuguese). Bem Paran. http://www.bemparana.com.br/index.php?n=23799&t=quase-metade-de-curitiba-e-dosestrangeiros. Retrieved 2008-08-06.

^ a b Fenianos, E. (2003) Almanaque Kur’yt’yba, Curitiba: Univer Cidade, p.6

^ Curitiba name origin

^ Climate of Curitiba

^ Curitiba is the coldest capital of Brazil

^ Cold fronts and rain in Curitiba

^ Winter of Curitiba is dry and cold

^ “Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Curitiba”. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=4838&refer=&units=metric.

^ a b c “City of Curitiba, Brazil”. Convention on Biological Diversity. http://www.cbd.int/authorities/casestudy/curitiba.shtml. Retrieved 2008-05-23.

^ “Livro mostra roteiros das rvores de Curitiba/Pr” (in Portuguese). Ambiente Brasil. http://www.ambientebrasil.com.br/noticias/index.php3?action=ler&id=18883. Retrieved 2005-05-25.

^ “The Agache Plan”. Prefeitura Municipal de Curitiba. http://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/Paginas/ENG/Default.aspx?idf=532&servico=40. Retrieved 2008-08-12.

^ (in Portuguese) (PDF) Sntese de Indicadores Sociais 2008. Curitiba, Brazil: IBGE. 2008. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.z=pnad&o=3&i=P&c=262. Retrieved 2010-01-16.

^ a b http://web.archive.org/web/20070703141121/http://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/pmc/curitiba/index.asp?noframe=sim&conteudo=imigra/index.html

^ German immigration to Curitiba

^ Polish Memorial of Curitiba

^ Italian immigration in Curitiba

^ Ukrainian memorial in the city of Curitiba

^ Paran Governament (Ukrainian community in the State)

^ Slavic community in Curitiba

^ Jews of Brazil site Source listing Curitiba as one of the important Jewish communities. A Habad article gives the number of 844 religious participating families there in the year 2007

^ Brazil’s Jews during the Vargas Era and After by Robert M. Levine 1968. This is a book about early Jewish settlers in Brazil

^ Digital edition of Levine’s book

^ A research paper about the Jewish immigration to Brazil during the second world war.

^ Jewish in Curitiba

^ “Beit Chabad”

^ Israel Synagogue in addition to the Hevra Kadisha Synagogue and the Habad Synagogue mentioned in the Chabad reference

^ Jewish Genealogy site lists cemeteries.

^ Stephen Roth Institute: Antisemitism And Racism

^ Japan Square in Curitiba

^ Curitiba Economy – FIFA report

^ Curitiba – Economic ranks

^ GDP – Curitiba

^ “A capital do Paran se destaca na rea de TI e oferece oportunidades para profissionais do setor.” (in Portuguese). Revista TI. http://www.timaster.com.br/revista/materias\main_materia.asp?codigo=648. Retrieved 2003-10-11.

^ Economy – City of Curitiba

^ Housing Program Curitiba

^ Shopping in Curitiba, Brazil

^ (in Portuguese) (PDF) GDP. Curitiba, Brazil: IBGE. 2006. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=1288. Retrieved 2009-07-21.

^ (in Portuguese) (PDF) per capita income. Curitiba, Brazil: IBGE. 2006. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=1288. Retrieved 2009-07-21.

^ “Maratona Ecolgica de Curitiba – Ladeiras e incentivos do povo curitibano” (in Portuguese). Copacabana Runners. http://www.copacabanarunners.net/maracur.html. Retrieved 2008-08-07.

^ “RUN THE CURITIBA MARATHON”. Charity Giving. http://www.charitygiving.co.uk/assets/mini sites/voice for change/uk curitiba marathon brochure.pdf. Retrieved 2008-08-07.

^ “MARATONA ECOLGICA INTERNACIONAL DE CURITIBA” (in Portuguese). Faculdade de Desporto da Universidade do Porto. Archived from the original on 2007-07-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20070707004450/http://www.fcdef.up.pt/neb/artigos/eros/maratona_ecologica.pdf. Retrieved 2008-08-07.

^ UFPR – History

^ “CURITIBA, UNA CITT DA FANTASCIENZA” (in Italian). Eco Fantascienza. http://www.ecofantascienza.it/articoli/curitiba.html. Retrieved 2008-10-18.

^ “S 1% das cidades est livre de analfabetismo” (in Portuguese). O Estado de So Paulo. http://www.estado.com.br/editorias/2007/06/20/ger-1.93.7.20070620.3.1.xml. Retrieved 2007-06-23.

^ “ndice da Educao Bsica” (in Portuguese). Jornal da Globo. http://jg.globo.com/JGlobo/0,19125,VTJ0-2742-20070426-278406,00.html. Retrieved 2007-04-28.

^ Jonas Rabinovitch and Josef Leitman, “Urban Planning in Curitiba,” Scientific American, vol. 274, no. 3 (March 1996), pp. 46-53

^ “Curitiba busca recuperao de biodiversidade local Terra – Ambiente”. Noticias.terra.com.br. http://noticias.terra.com.br/ciencia/interna/0,,OI1926962-EI299,00.html. Retrieved 2009-07-22.

^ “Prefeitura ENG”. Curitiba.pr.gov.br. http://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/Paginas/ENG/Default.aspx?idf=532&servico=40. Retrieved 2009-07-22.

^ About Curitiba

^ Parks of Curitiba and floods

^ Irazbal, Clara Elena (2002) Curitiba and Portland: Architecture, City Making, and Urban Governance in the Era of Globalization, Ph.D. Dissertation in Architecture, University of California, Berkeley, p.112

^ Curitiba – urban plannig

^ “” (in Japanese). Nikkey Shimbun. Archived from the original on 2004-11-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20041103064150/http://www.nikkeyshimbun.com.br/020615-24brasil.html. Retrieved 2008-10-21.

^ RIT Curitiba – Trajetory

^ Social programs in the city

^ “15 Green Cities”. Grist. http://www.grist.org/article/cities3. Retrieved 2007-07-10.

^ Curitiba a green city

^ Curitiba – low pollution

^ Palladium Shopping Center

^ Teatro Guara

^ Museums in the city

^ “Museu Oscar Niemeyer” (in Portuguese). Descubra Curitiba. http://www.descubracuritiba.com.br/?s=exposicao&ss=museu&id=584. Retrieved 2008-01-17.

^ Carnival in Curitiba

^ Cuisine in Curitiba

^ UN Convention on Biodiversity and Biosecurity

^ “CNN Transcript – Special Event: The People’s Planet – December 24, 2000″. Transcripts.cnn.com. 2000-12-24. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0012/24/se.01.html. Retrieved 2009-07-22.

^ EPA-International Best Practices & Innovations-Urban Management, Sustainable Transport and Mobility Management

^ Urban transport of Curitiba

^ Roads in Curitiba

^ Traffic radars in Curitiba

^ Afonso Pena International Airport

^ Bike and Taxi in Curitiba

^ “Curitiba | FIFA World Cup 2014″. Curitiba2014.com. http://www.curitiba2014.com. Retrieved 2009-07-22.

^ a b c d e f g “Cidades-irms” (in Portuguese). Cmara Municipal de Curitiba. http://www.cmc.pr.gov.br/ass_det.php?not=7417. Retrieved 2007-05-22.

^ “Acordos de Geminao” (in Portuguese). Cmara Municipal de Coimbra. Archived from the original on 2008-01-23. http://web.archive.org/web/20080123100358/http://www.cm-coimbra.pt/170.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-17.

^ a b “Asuntos Federales y Electorales – Ciudades y Provincias argentinas hermanadas con contrapartes extranjeras” (in Spanish). Secretara de Relaciones Exteriores. http://www.cancilleria.gov.ar/portal/seree/dirfe/hermanamientos2.html. Retrieved 2008-07-02.

^ “Honorowe Miasta Bliniacze – Kurytyba (Brazylia)” (in Polish). Krakow.pl. Archived from the original on 2007-12-21. http://web.archive.org/web/20071221041332/http://www.krakow.pl/miasto/miasta_partnerskie/?id=honorowe_miasta_blizniacze_01.html. Retrieved 2006-01-13.

^ “Krakw otwarty na wiat”. www.krakow.pl. http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16. Retrieved 2009-07-19.

^ “Curitiba, une ville modle du dveloppement durable” (in French). Veille Technologique. http://www.zecite.org/t050901.htm. Retrieved 2005-11-30.

^ “Online Directory: Florida, USA”. Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on 2007-12-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20071218233241/http://www.sister-cities.org/icrc/directory/USA/FL. Retrieved 2008-04-17.

^ “Cenni storici ed informazioni generali su Treviso” (in Italian). BelPaese.it. http://www.belpaese.it/treviso/comune.html. Retrieved 2008-04-28.

External links

Find more about Curitiba on Wikipedia’s sister projects:

Definitions from Wiktionary

Textbooks from Wikibooks

Quotations from Wikiquote

Source texts from Wikisource

Images and media from Commons

News stories from Wikinews

Learning resources from Wikiversity

Official

(Portuguese) Official homepage

News

(Portuguese) Bem Paran Newspaper

(Portuguese) Gazeta do Povo Newspaper

Tourism

Curitiba travel guide from Wikitravel

(Portuguese) Maplink – Curitiba Street Guide and Maps

(Portuguese) Tourism in Curitiba

Articles Related to Curitiba

v d e

Brazil topics

History

First inhabitants Colonization Empire Repblica Velha Estado Novo Second Republic Military rule Contemporary

Politics

Constitution President National Congress Law Law enforcement Supreme Federal Tribunal Elections Political parties Foreign relations Human rights (LGBT rights) Antarctic Geopolitics

Economy

Real Central Bank List of companies Agriculture Industry Economic history Telecommunications Transport Energy

Geography

Regions States Municipalities Islands Coastline Climate Environment Extreme points Protected areas Capitals

Demographics

People Languages Religion Immigration Education Health Crime Social issues Largest cities Apartheid

Culture

Art (general) Carnival Cuisine Cinema Holidays Literature Music (Musicians Groups) Painting Sculpture Sports Tourism

Organized Crime – The Mafia – A Study by Artur Victoria

Post Prec | Post Succ | Top |

by grünfisch

Organized Crime – The Mafia – A Study by Artur Victoria

The “MAFIA” is the paradigm of the organized crime. You ally; there is who reduces the concept of this to the phenomena “MAFIA.”

Actually, no there is a MAFIA, but before several organizations, with different designations and common manners of criminal planning and acting way usually designated by “mobsters.”

The Italian writer Leonardo Sciascia, there are about 30 years, it defined the Mafia as “an association of criminals with ends of the associates” illicit enrichment, that it is put as middleman, imposed by the violence, between the property and the work, between the production and the consumption, between the citizens and the State ” while, in another perspective, sociologist Raimondo Catanzaro defined her recently as “she elaborates of the violence.”

Evolution

The “MAFIA” (Italy – American) had origin in Sicily, in the centuries XII or XIII, since the successive occupations that this island of the South of Italy suffered along the times, assumed as organized insurrection. Their cultural roots are rural, just if transferring for the great cities (mainly Palermo) in the first decades of this century, implanting their traditional methods of action quickly: the “protector pays” in other words, the extortion. First in the fairs and markets, to proceed further on into sectors and areas like trade and building societies, demanding percentages progressively higher and, later, ending for constituting their own construction companies, that started to dominate the market.

Though, the decisive factor that it still marks it’s today evolution, it happens in the seventies when, with the dismantlement of the clandestine laboratories and of “French Connection” nets (in Marseilles – South of France), the MAFIA takes ownership of the European traffic of heroine and corresponding bulky profits.

Like this, of a subordinate position (support to the traffic of the product for Sicily) in a short space of time it started to process at their own laboratories the originating from morphine it reorganizes the presence in the of the international traffic scene. It becomes supplier from 65 to 70% of the heroine consumed in the E.UA and in the nineties, it assumes a growing intervention in the traffic of cocaine to Europe. At the same time actualizing the intervention methods and areas adapted to features more “entrepreneurs” and “executives.

Types and methods

Today, it is usual to speak in Mafia of the East Countries, Turkish Mafia, Japanese Mafia, Chinese Mafia, and other. Actually there are organized crime groups, that historical and culturally nothing has to do with the Sicilian Mafia, tends in common with this just the methods of criminal acting ways.

In Italy, type mobster’s organized criminality this divided in four different branches, out of traditional regional borders in the South of Italy: “COSA NOSTRA”, in Sicily, “CAMORRA”, in Naples; “N” DRANGHETTA”, in the it would Silence; “SACRED CORONA UNITA”, in the southeast.

”COSA NOSTRA” is the most important, involving about 140 families composed among 30 to 300 base mobsters, the soldiers or “homo d” onore”. it is a structure articulate, unitary and nested.

Neapolitan A”Camorra” and Calabrian “N”dranghetta”, as well as “Sacred Corona Unita”, don”t have this structure vertically nested and compartmentalized but yes a horizontal structure, intending the “families” the control of the illegal activities in the whole territory of regional action (in the it “Cosa Nostra”, to avoid larger conflicts, each “family” has a own territory, at the level of the neighborhood).

The action basis of these organizations is the traditional activities of extortion (“protection pays”), manipulation of working contracts, drugs traffic and money laundry.

”N”dranghetta” is the most sanguinary and violent, is tended specialized in kidnappings, i for areas of Canada, U.S.A., Australia, South of France and Germany (where we found Calabrian communities).

”Camorra” reconverted their activities of cigarettes smuggling for the most lucrative activities of drugs traffic assuming a paper of almost monopoly of cocaine among South America (namely Peru and Colombia) and Europe, having “bases” in you vary European countries. In the traffic of heroine and hashish, it operates in the smaller spaces left by the activities of the it “Sews Nostra”, the one which has a relevant rule in almost monopoly in the international traffic of these products to the U.S.A.Their money laundry is done with resource to institutions of credit that controls and to companies that indirectly owns, fundamentally in the building , transports and of the industry sectors.

b) The Mafia turned into an American problem – starting from the beginning of the century, accompanying the migratory currents of Sicilians for the “New World”, many were the “mobsters” that settled in the U.S.A. developing their “families”, the image and structure of the organization – Sicilian mother, maintaining a relationship of “branch”. “Cosa Nostra” in spite of the deep relationships of collaboration that, for common interest, the two organizations maintains with the Mafia.

While the Americans have among their main activities the exploration of game houses and prostitution, specializing at the illegal markets, the Sicilians refuse these activities, tending to articulate the action in the illegal markets with a convenient presence in the legal markets.

c) In the European east, the economical and politics opening, conjugated with an evident authority crisis in several States in democratization process, gave an easy way to the operational development of the organized crime.
In Russia there are about 3 000 “gangs” that integrate hundreds of thousands of elements, with ramifications in all of the social steps. In other territories of the Soviet former-union (namely in the area of the Baltic), in Poland, Hungary, in former Czechoslovak and Bulgaria, organized criminal groups have been implanting and I win an active expression. With roots in the old “nomenkulatura” or in the groups that then dominated the market, these “Mafia of the East” are devoted fundamentally to the the traffic of drug (namely in Russia and Czech Republic), but also in weapons, prostitution and traffic of luxery cars (mainly in Poland face the territorial proximity with Germany), as well as to the I traffic and smuggling of products of first need, medicines, disks, cassettes and videos, as well as luxury products (perfumes, clocks, precious stones.).

They used methods type Sicilian violence.
The mobsters nets in Russia, for instance, have an ethnic base in their constitution (azeris in the leadership; tchechenians as operational armed; uzbeques and tadjiques in the traffic of opium; Ukrainian and Russian in the traffic of popies and synthetic drugs; tartars in the game, night clubs and terrorism; the Georgian ones in the stolen cars; the daguestaneses in the great bandit’s), they are individualistic and mutually conflicting, without any central organism of control (to not to be it “Half” that congregates only 20 great groups of the area of Moscow).

Like this brief historical overview organized crime represents that offence segment to which are reported the illegal activities which can affect more political economic and social fields, activities that are constantly developed through different means by individual associations with a well-defined hierarchy, with a specialized structure and the purpose of obtaining illicit profits at very high levels.

- Narcotics traffic – in every year hundreds of persons are involve in narcotics traffic and many tones of drugs are confiscated. The cocaine and heroin and the most wanted.
- Person’s traffic is a new form of organized crime. Young women and children are transported from Eastern Europe to Western Europe for prostitution and organs transplant.
- Arts traffic – today, one of the most prosperous businesses is the arts traffic. Many values are brought outside of countries.
- Stolen cars from Western Europe especially are sell in Eastern Europe.
- Arms dealing have become a new business, especially for the ex-Soviet Union states.
- Money laundering. Many western businessmen used the Eastern European bank systems for money laundering.
- The minor delinquency the antechamber of the organized crime. The little offenders unidentified yet for the perpetration of robberies, thefts and false money placation, represents the engrossed segment by a severe selection by organized crime groups.
- Corruption of the main public officials is a new and dangerous form of organized crime. The organized crime groups succeeded to destroy the people’s trust through bribe and influence traffic.
- illegal goods: goods that are illegal as such; the production of, trade in and sometimes also possession of such goods are punishable offences; think of for example narcotic substances and forged brand cigarettes.
- illegal trade in legal goods; this concerns black markets for goods that involve evasion of taxes, duties or import duties and are traded unlawfully on black markets; think of legally produced cigarettes, alcoholic beverages and fuels.
- illegal provision of services; think of facilitation of illegal immigrants (human smuggling) and illegal employment in prostitution (human trafficking).

The definition contains the punishment requirement to ensure that those who commit rather harmless offences are not classed under organised crime.

Very curious is a overlooking comparison on some Eastern activities in general and some other regions:

Organized crime has become a general phenomenon in the Eastern Europe and in the ex-Soviet Union states.
Ukraine – Caucasian Mafia is the most structured criminal organization, based on the blood ties. These organizations act on the same principles as the Italian mob.

Criminal groups act especially in the drug dealing, involving much deeper to create a new, honest look, through the opening of new firms and casinos, which helps to money laundering.
Russia – the illegal guns, ammunition and explosives traffic is a more and more often- practiced activity by the Russian crime organization.

The main sources of obtaining of those mentioned above are the military dumps of the ex-Soviet army and the military units that belonged to the large military industrial complex, converted to private or mix firms.
Poland – the most known kind of organized crime from Poland is still the narcotic traffic.
The synthetic narcotics production and selling internal and external market is higher and higher.
Slovakia, a country situated at the crossroads between East and West is in the attention of Mafia organizations with a well-known tradition that included it in the main drugs, guns and not for long radioactive substances traffic routes.
Slovenia is situated on the most frequently used Balkan-shipping route of the heroine. Besides, Slovenia is also recognized as a big LSD drug consumer.

http://sites.google.com/site/cliptheschoolbeginning/ http://cliporto.blogspot.com/

Article from articlesbase.com

Music video by Ustmamo’ performing Cosa Conta.

Alicia Alonso – Prima Ballerina Assoluta

Post Prec | Post Succ | Top |

by ESMTG

Alicia Alonso – Prima Ballerina Assoluta

Alicia Alonso, Alicia Ernestina de la Caridad del Cobre Martínez Hoya born 21 of December,1920

A year later she performed publicly for the first time in Tchaikovsky’s Sleeping Beauty. Alonso danced in Cuba under the name of Alicia Martínez.–The dancer’s rapid progress in her lessons came to an abrupt halt in 1937, when the 15-year-old fell in love with a fellow ballet student, Fernando Alonso whom she married. After her marriage she changed her last name to Alonso. The new couple moved to New York City, hoping to begin their professional careers. There they found a home with relatives in the Spanish Harlem section of the city. Alonso soon gave birth to a daughter, Laura, but managed to continue her training at the School of American Ballet and took private classes with Leon Fokine, Alexandra Fedorova, Enrico Zanfretta and Anatole Vilzak.- -She then arranged a travel to London to study with the renowned Vera Volkova.– Meanwhile, her husband had joined the new Mordkin Ballet Company in New York. She had surgery to correct the problem and was ordered to lie in bed motionless for three months to allow her eyes to heal. in 1943 to begin rebuilding her skills. However, before she had barely settled, out of the blue she was asked to dance ”Giselle” to replace the ballet Theater’s injured prima ballerina. Alonso accepted and gave such a performance that the critics immediately declared her a star. She was promoted to principal dancer of the company in 1946 and danced the role of Giselle until 1948, also performing in Swan Lake, Anthony Tudor’s Undertow (1943), Balanchine’s Theme and Variations (1947), and in such world premieres as deMille’s dramatic ballet Fall River Legend.- (1948), in which she starred as the Accused. By this time in her career, she had developed a reputation as an intensely dramatic dancer, as well as an ultra-pure technician and a supremely skilled interpreter of classical and romantic repertories. Alonson’s long time partnership with, Youskevitch, have many times been compared to to that of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers.

Alicia was afflicted with an eye defect and was partially blind after she turned 19. Soon she had her partners be in the spot she expected them to be. She also used lights in different parts of the stage to guide her too.

After seeing the doctor for worsening vision problems, Alonso was diagnosed in 1941 with a detached retina.-

Unable to comply completely, Alonso practiced with her feet alone, pointing and stretching to, as she put it, “keep my feet alive.” When the bandages came off, Alonso was dismayed to find that the operation had not been completely successful. The doctors performed a second surgery, but its failure caused them to conclude that the dancer would never have peripheral vision.

Finally, Alonso consented to a third procedure in Havana, but this time was ordered to lay completely motionless in bed for an entire year. She was not permitted to play with Laura, chew food too hard, laugh or cry, or move her head. Her husband sat with her every day, using their fingers to teach her the great dancing roles of classical ballet. From Women in World History, Alonso later recalled of that period, “I danced in my mind. Blinded, motionless, flat on my back, I taught myself to dance Giselle.”

Finally, she was allowed to leave her bed, although dancing was still out of the question. Instead, she walked with her dogs and, against doctor’s orders, went to the ballet studio down the street every day to begin practicing again. Then, just as her hope was returning, Alonso was injured when a hurricane shattered a door in her home, spraying glass splinters onto her head and face. Amazingly, her eyes were not injured. When her doctor saw this, he cleared Alonso to begin dancing, figuring that if she could survive an explosion of glass, dancing would do no harm.

Nearly mad with impatience and still partially blind, Alonso traveled back to New York

to found her own company, the Alicia Alonso Ballet Company, which she maintained with little financial support, this company eventually became The Ballet National of Cuba.-

Youskevitch and her other partners quickly became expert at helping Alonso conceal her handicap. To compensate for only partial sight in one eye and no peripheral vision, the ballerina trained her partners to be exactly where she needed them without exception. She also had the set designers install strong spotlights in different colors to serve as guides for her movements.–Alonso knew, for instance, that if she stepped into the glow of the spotlights near the front of the stage, she was getting too close to the orchestra pit. There was also a thin wire stretched across the edge of the stage at waist height as another marker for her, but in general she danced within the encircling arms of her partners and was led by them from point to point. Audiences were reportedly never the wiser as they watched the prima ballerina.

Alonso’s desire to develop ballet in Cuba led her to return to Havana in 1948

Fernando was general director of the company, which was at that time composed mainly of Ballet Theater dancers temporarily out of work due to a reorganization in the New York company. Fernando’s brother Alberto, a choreographer, served as artistic director for the company.-The company debuted briefly in the capital and then departed for a tour of South America.-. The performances were a hit with audiences everywhere, but Alonso found herself funding the company with her savings to keep it going despite donations from wealthy families and a modest subsidy from the Cuban Ministry of Education. in 1952 and then producing and starring in Giselle for the Paris Opera in 1953.-

Meanwhile, she commuted between Havana and New York to recruit the world’s best teachers to train her new students. She remained a sought-after prima ballerina during this hectic time, dancing twice in Rusia

Between 1955 and 1959, Alicia danced every year with the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo as guest star. She was the first dancer of the Western Hemisphere to perform in the Soviet Union, and the first American representative to dance with the Bolshoi and Kirov Theaters of Moscow and Leningrad (St. Petersburg) respectively in 1957 and 1958. , North and South America, and she danced as guest star with the Opera de Paris, the Royal Danish Ballet, the Bolshoi and with other companies. She has staged her versions of Giselle, Pas de Quatre, and Sleepng Beauty for the Pars Opera.- She also staged Giselle at the Vienna State Opera and the San Carlo Theater of Naples, Italy; La Fille Mal Gardee at the Prague State Opera, and Sleeping Beauty at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan.-

During the decades to follow Alicia Alonso had cross-world tours through West and East European countries, Asia

By the mid-1950s, the Alicia Alonso Ballet Company was in dire straits financially and politically. A dictator,Fulgencio Batista

Forced to work in nightclubs to earn a living, the dancers often had no energy to perform for Alonso. As the dancer became increasingly vocal in her disdain for Batista, the regime offered her five hundred dollars a month in perpetuity to stop her criticism. Disgusted, she folded her school in 1956

Alonso worked with the Ballet Rousse until 1959, during which time she performed in a 10-week tour of the Soviet Union

, had taken control and was determined to squash the heavy opposition to his rule. Supported by the island’s financial infrastructure, the Mafia, and American business interests, he mercilessly repressed anyone who stood in his path. -Declaring that all artists and intellectuals were left-wing sympathizers, he drastically cut what little funding the government had given Alonso’s ballet school and touring group. and joined the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo with Youskevitch., dancing in Giselle, the Leningrad Opera Ballet’s Path of Thunder, and other pieces. Her performances earned her the coveted Dance Magazine Award in 1958.

When Fidel Castro

Alonso felt strongly that she and her ballet school were “very much part of the Cuban revolution.” She wanted her dancers to bring the beauty and excitement of ballet to the island nation’s workers and farmers who had virtually no experience with artistic expression.

Because of her intense and passionate affiliation with the new communist

When the Vietnam War

Alonso danced solos in Europe

Alonso continued to serve as the director of the Ballet Nacional de Cuba in the early twenty-first century. Numerous books have been written on the ballerina, including Alicia Alonso: At Home and Abroad (1970), Alicia Alonso: The Story of a Ballerina (1979), Alicia Alonso: A Passionate Life of Dance (1984), and Alicia Alonso: First Lady of the Ballet (1993). During a November 2003 on-stage interview prior to a Cuban National Ballet performance in San Diego, California, she exclaimed, “I’m so happy to be here. And I’m happy whenever I’m on the stage. The stage is where a dancer should be, even if it’s only to walk or sit. I am at home on the stage.”

As director and leading dancer of the Ballet Nacional de Cuba, Alicia Alonso has been an inspiration and guide to the new generations of Cuban dancers. With her own consummate style, she has left her mark on the international world of dance. Some of her former and more famous students are now dancing at the

(1977). She has served on juries at international dance competitions in Bulgaria, Rusia, Japan,Brazil, and the United States.

She has created her own works including La Tinaja, Ensayos Sinfonicos, and Lidia. She appeared in a feature-length documentary made in Cuba about her and her work Alicia

Because of her intense and passionate affiliation with the new communist took power from the Batista dictatorship on January 1, 1959, Castro vowed to increase funding to the nation’s languishing cultural programs. Encouraged by this sudden change and eager to see her homeland again, Alonso returned to Cuba and in March 1959 received 0,000 in funding to form a new dance school, to be called the Ballet Nacional de Cuba, along with a guarantee of annual financial support. –Alonso has since described receiving a message from Castro in 1958 sent from the Sierra Maestra inviting her to head the company upon the triumph of the July 26th Movement..She officially founded the school in 1960.-, and within several years her dancers were winning international dance competitions. government in Havana,– American audiences turned their backs on the prima ballerina and she vanished from the country’s cultural radar. However, her company continued to build its powers and achievements in both Eastern Hemisphere and Western Europe.-. In 1967 and 1971 she performed in Canada, where reviewers noted that Alonso was still the greatest ballerina of her time. ended and Richard Nixon left the presidency, Alonso was permitted to perform again in the United States in 1975 and 1976. An American reviewer said of the dancer, then 54 years old and a grandmother, “she creates more sexual promise than ballerinas half her age.” and elsewhere well into her 70s, although her near blindness became increasingly apparent.– In 1995, she and a number of other aging National Ballet members performed in San Francisco in a piece called In the Middle of the Sunset.,American Ballet Theatre,- the Boston Ballet.-the San Francisco Ballet , The Washington Ballet , the Cincinnati Ballet and the Royal Ballet.-, among others.

is a Cuban Prima Ballerina Assoluta and Choreographer.- She is considered a legend and is most famous for her portrayals of Giselle and Carmen. Since she was nineteen, Alicia was afflicted with an eye defect and was partially blind. Her partners always had to be in the exact place she expected them to be, and she used lights in different parts of the stage to guide her of an important ballet company in Cuba.-She began her career in Broadway musicals in New York.– Although plagued by eyesight problems, Alonso was one of the principal stars of the Ballet Caravan and later of the Ballet Theater.Alonson was born in Havana, Cuba.-. She was the one of two daughter of an army officer and his wife. The family was financially comfortable and lived in a fashionable section of the then-vibrant capital. Alonso indicated at a very early age, produced an affinity for music and dance – her mother could occupy her happily for long periods with just a phonograph, a scarf, and some records. She started dancing at the age of nine and studied ballet at Sociedad Pro-Arte Musical in Havana with Sofie Fedorova.-

.In June 2002 she was designated UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for her outstanding contribution to the development, preservation and popularisation of classical dance and for her devotion to the art-form, through which she has promoted the ideals of UNESCO and the fellowship of the world’s peoples and cultures. -She continues to direct her Ballet Nacional de Cuba, even though she is in her eighties and almost blind.

AWARDS:

the Dance Magazine Annual Award, 1934

the Dance Magazine Annual Award, 1958

the Grand Prix de la Ville de Paris, 1966

Anna Pavlova Award of the University of Dance, Paris, 1966

the Grand Prix de la Ville de Paris together with her company, 1970

Order of Work of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1974

Gold Medal of the Gran Teatro by Premio Gran Teatro de La Habana in 1985

National Prize for Dance from the Ministry of Culture of Cuba, 1998

Gold medal from the Circulo de Bellas Artes of Madrid, 1998

UNESCO Pablo Picasso Medal for her extraordinary contribution to dance, 1999

Grand Prix de la Ville de Paris, 1999

Premio Benois de la Danza, 2000

To see Alicia Alonso dance, was a sight to behold.- Her unique style represented trueGenius, unable to be imitated by any other dancer in the world.-

When she danced “The Swan Lake”, it was as she floated in the air, and her movements made her look as a real swan , delicate and beautiful, -almost unreal.

GISELLE,- her favorite ballet, has never been performed the way only she was able to do. –No other ballerina has ever, and willl never be able to perform as she did.-Her political preferences CAN NOT obscure her manificent ART.

“ART” is art, and can not,– and should not iterfere with a person’s ability to perform, depite race, political preferences, or sexual inclinations.-

SHE WAS A TRUE “PRIMA BALLERINA ASSOLUTA” in all the sense of the word.

Eva de la Torriente Diaz

July 23, 2009

writer – political, family and other issues.

Article from articlesbase.com

18 Mar

Bulgaria: arriva la birra che fa crescere le tette

Post Prec | Post Succ | Top |

Ora c’è un motivo in più per stappare una birra. Arriva infatti dalla Bulgaria la ‘Bohza’: una birra studiata per far crescere il seno.
La ‘bionda’ era stata sviluppata inizialmente come una vera e propria cura per le mamme con problemi di allattamento. Ora però, con l’arrivo della birra, i pub vengono presi d’assalto e chi la prova assicura risultati ‘strabilianti’.
Kristian Gyoshev, portavoce dell’azienda che produce la birra, spiega: “Non abbiamo realizzato particolari campagne pubblicitarie: centinaia di donne dopo aver provato la nostra birra assicurano che il loro seno è cresciuto di due misure. E’ naturale, salutare, buona, e molto più economica di un intervento chirurgico”.
Fonte

FaceBomb – metti un mi piace dai!!

Rose di Cristallo

Metti le ali alla tua fantasia!

Archivio per la tag 'Bulgaria'

Curitiba – small playground equipment Manufacturer – outdoors play equipment

Organized Crime – The Mafia – A Study by Artur Victoria

Alicia Alonso – Prima Ballerina Assoluta

Bulgaria: arriva la birra che fa crescere le tette

Categorie

Ultimi Articoli

Blogroll

About